Designing an efficient balloon car Essay Example

Structuring a productive inflatable vehicle Paper In making our inflatable vehicle, we utilized numerous material science chiefs to change the plans until we had a well performing vehicle. The various directors helped us to change certain parts of our vehicle with the goal that each part functioned admirably together. The foremost that with each activity there is an equivalent and inverse response is the thing that we utilized for the push of our vehicle. We put together our wheels with respect to what ones caused the least grating. We utilized the way that vertical movement has no effect on even movement to decide how to arrange our inflatable on the vehicle. These various bits of the vehicle cooperating assist it with performing admirably. For the push of our vehicle, we utilized an inflatable appended to a PVC pipe. This channel permitted us to let the let some circulation into of the inflatable all the more rapidly. It likewise helped us to coordinate the air straight back from the inflatable. The more air we had the option to discharge, the more negative level quickening we could have. Anyway much increasing speed there is in the negative is how much there will be in the positive in light of Newton’s Third Law of Motion. The more air that is discharged in the negative will push the vehicle forward quicker. We required the vehicle to go 1 meter in 3. We will compose a custom paper test on Designing a proficient inflatable vehicle explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Designing a proficient inflatable vehicle explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Designing a proficient inflatable vehicle explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 5 seconds, and it needs to cover 10 meters. We attempted distinctive measured funnels and straws until we found a decent harmony among speed and separation. Grinding between the haggles ground was a major concern. We attempted a lot of various wheels to see which ones rolled the best. We chose utilizing CDs for the wheels since they had enough contact that they could hold the ground, however not all that much that it eased back the vehicle down. We likewise needed to stress over the rubbing of the axles turning. At the point when we would have the wheels turning on the closures of a fixed hub, they eased back down too without any problem. We at that point utilized a dowel bar through a straw with the goal that the wheels would turn simultaneously. The entire pivot turning worked better than attempting to get the wheels to turn unreservedly in light of the fact that the wheels could get more effectively captured on something than only a smooth wooden pole scouring against the plastic straw. One of the significant changes we continued creation was the structure of the body. We initially had a triangular body, yet when we connected the inflatable to it, the inflatable was calculated upward. Since level movement has nothing to do with vertical movement, we realized any air going upward wasn’t pushing the vehicle forward. So we changed the body to a level surface so we could have the air going straight out behind the vehicle and utilize most of the push to push the vehicle ahead. Putting all these various angles together helped us to construct a compelling vehicle. For the push, we utilized Newton’s Third Law to structure it. We tried our wheels dependent on how much erosion was made. Since vertical movement has no effect on the even movement, we realized all the push must be flat, so we realized how to situate our inflatable on the vehicle. The standards of material science helped us to construct a productive inflatable vehicle that has the speed and endurance wanted.

Different educational systems

Goals of HRP: †¢To enroll and hold the human asset of required amount and quality. †¢To anticipate the effect of innovation on work, existing representatives and future human asset necessities, addressing the requirements of the projects of development, broadening and to assess the expense of HR. †¢To improve the guidelines, aptitudes, information, capacity, discipline and so forth. †¢To survey the overflow or deficiency of HR and take gauges in like manner in this manner limiting the unevenness. †¢To keep up amiable mechanical connection by keeping up ideal level and structure of HR. Procedure of Human Resource Planning: 1. Breaking down Corporate Level Strategies: †Human Resource Planning starts with investigating corporate level procedures which incorporate extension, broadening, mergers, acquisitions, decrease in activities, innovation to be utilized, strategy for creation and so on. 2. Request anticipating: †Forecasting the general human asset prerequisite as per the authoritative plans is one of the key parts of interest determining. Estimating of nature of HR like abilities, information, qualities and capacities required notwithstanding amount of HR is done. 3. Breaking down Human Resource Supply: †Every association has two wellsprings of gracefully of Human Resources: Internal and External. Inside, HR can be acquired for specific posts through advancements and moves. When the future interior gracefully is evaluated through human asset review, flexibly of outer HR is broke down. 4. Assessing labor holes: †Manpower holes are distinguished by contrasting interest and gracefully figures. Such correlation will uncover either shortfall or excess of Human Resources later on. Workers evaluated to be insufficient can be prepared while representatives with higher, better abilities might be given more enhanced employments. 5. Activity Planning: †Once the labor holes are distinguished, plans are set up to connect these holes by redeployment of surplus labor. Individuals might be convinced to stop deliberately or conserved. Shortage can be met through enrollment, determination, move and advancement. Considering deficiency of certain gifted representatives, the association needs to take care of enlistment as well as maintenance of existing workers. 6. Changing authoritative plans: †If future flexibly of HR from all the sources is assessed to be lacking or not exactly the necessity, the association ought to think about adjustments or alterations in the hierarchical plans.

Knowledge Management Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Management Program - Essay Example Information audit this progression involves the assessment of the enrolled information on the related information. Stage 5: Return stage this is the place an assessment may bring about the dismissal of information. This might be on the grounds that there is insufficient substance. Stage 6: Knowledge endorsement this progression happens when there is sufficient substance in the KMS information Step 7: Search for fundamental information Step 8: Knowledge activity control †this is the place explicit information is remarked on as per the evaluation done. So as to change a genuine association into a more information based association, an individual ought to consider improving the work forms that influence information, innovation foundation to help information and move and its way of life, customs, and practices. These parts of progress are imperative to viable information use and change to an information based organization. Modifying the way of life of the real association likewise h elps in changing an association. This is on the grounds that hierarchical information and culture are interrelated. Consequently, so as to apply new information and actualize changes and enhancements in KM, the way of life ought to be adjusted to help the new conduct. In addition, associations should coordinate authority culture with the operational need. This is done freely of the degree of culture in the association. Improved innovation framework facilitates correspondence that shapes a center part of compelling KM. subsequently, productive correspondence helps in information move and appropriation, and this structures a decent establishment of changing a genuine association to an information based association (Collision and Parcell, 2004). Firms ought to likewise use information so as to make a more information based association. This involves the utilization of the bottomless information accessible in overseeing business activities. This is on the grounds that information is a b asic asset that requests more thought. Different approaches to change a genuine association to an information based one incorporate sharing information and best works on, permitting the representatives to tackle their issues experienced during business activities with insignificant administration obstruction. The second-age KM hoists the comprehension of the way that information is made with varying degrees of value. In this manner, people can improve the nature of information controlled by forcefully overseeing information creation. For this situation, individuals can upgrade the nature of their choices, tasks, and results inferable from the nature of information had. An association can be changed to adjust its tasks and KM to the best three standards from second-age KM. These standards include: â€Å"Learning and development is a social procedure, not an authoritative one (in number liking with hierarchical learning theory)†. â€Å"Organizational learning and advancement a re activated by the location of problems† â€Å"Valuable hierarchical information doesn't just exist-individuals in associations make it† These three second-age top three standards are increasingly comprehensive of human asset, procedure, and social activities. The standards achieve the presentation of new ideas, thoughts, and experiences on KM.

Homeric Formalism - Literature Essay Samples

Much that is terrible takes place in the Homeric poems, but it seldom takes place wordlessly no speech is so filled with anger or scorn that the particles which express logical and grammatical connections are lacking or out of place. (from Odysseus Scar by Erich Auerbach)In his immaculately detailed study comparing the narrative styles of Homer to those of the Bible, Erich Auerbach hits upon one of the most notable intrigues of reading Homer, namely his unrelenting sense of epic form and rhythm. The stories that unfold in the works of Homer are filled with passion and fury, but this never effects the meticulous regulation of his narrative. One of the chief questions regarding the works of Homer is to what effectual end he follows this formula so explicitly. In both The Iliad and The Odyssey, the reader recognizes patterns and formulae that combine to make up the Homeric template. The reader can first recognize Homers formulaic style on a specific scale in the repetition of phrase s and epithets. Odysseus, throughout both The Iliad and The Odyssey is almost never mentioned without a reference to his cunning or many designs. Likewise, throughout The Iliad the city of Troy is almost never mentioned without reference to it being strong-walled or wide-wayed. As Richard Lattimore writes in the introduction to his translation, much of this particular kind of repetition was dictated by the metric needs of the poem. Above and beyond this strictly mechanical function however, recurring descriptions serve to ground the story in a cast of recognizable characters, thus creating a sense of familiarity for the reader. Studying an example of Homers form on a slightly grander scale, each individual death in The Iliad becomes discernible as a minor variation on an established sequential structure. To take the death of Phereklos as an illustration: first, we are told Meriones in turn killed Phereklos(Bk V. ln. 59). Then we are given a description of his death: Meriones pursued [Phereklos] and overtaking him struck in the right buttock, and the spearhead drove straighton and passing under the bone went into the bladder.He dropped, screaming, to his knees, and death was a mist about him.(Book V, lns. 65-68)Although the deaths of major characters are more elaborate and detailed, the basic structural pattern remains the same. The death of Patroklos for example is much embellished, but the basic formulaapproach, attack, wound, and finally the mist of deathremains recognizable. The use of what is essentially a template for the description of death in battle could serve one of two purposes. The fact that the deaths in The Iliad and the final battle scene of The Odyssey become so many carbon copies of one another, predictable almost to the point of absurdity, perhaps reflects a poets judgment of war. Homer goes to such elaborate lengths to depict the immensity of the enterprise and the sweat and hardship of battle, that one cant help but sense, hidde n within this repeated formulaic expression of dying, a commentary upon death as the ultimate equalizer. Conversely, the methodical treatment of death could simply be an indication of Homers duties and obligations as a poet in a spiritual society. Death was a sacred rite of passage to the Ancient Greeks, less of an ending than a gateway; perhaps it would have been considered sacrilege to write about death without this ritualistic formalism.On the grandest scale, the reader recognizes Homers slavery to epic form in his placement of the beginning in relation to the story he is telling. In both The Iliad and The Odyssey, we pick up the story in medias res, on the upward crest towards the climacteric. In The Iliad we enter, a year before the end of a ten year war, upon the scene of a fight between the two great leaders of the Achaians. Although we dont recognize it right away (we have to read the poem to appreciate the beginning in relation to the rest of the story) this single eve nt is the birth of The Iliad. Without Achilleus self-imposed sulking exile from the Achaians, there would be no dramatic tension around which to build a story. The ardor of battle, the supplication to gods, not to mention the only real humanity that enters into the poem, all stem from this break between Achilleus and Agamemnon. It is not until Book Two that Homer gives the reader the history necessary to understand the argument. In this way, he elegantly frames the story of The Iliad against the backdrop of the Trojan War.Similarly, The Odyssey begins in the ninth year of Odysseus ten year journey home, just before he is to be released from his captivity on the Isle of Kalypso. In the first Book, Athene visits Odysseus son Telemachos, who is tormented by the crude and unruly army of suitors competing for the hand of his mother. Athene inspires a hopeless Telemachos to go out and search for his father, so that together, father and son might re-assert their rightful sovereignty on Ithaka. In Telemachos absence, the suitors conspire to lie in wait and kill him on his return. Thus Homer sets the story well in motion, indeed he even suggests the resolution, before he gives us the full history of Odysseus nine year journey.Of all the scales on which the reader recognizes Homers slavery to form, it is this impeccable shaping and framing of his story that is most relevant to his significance as a founder of narrative tradition as it suggests the relationship between narrator and audience. Both The Iliad and The Odyssey begin with an invocation of the Muses, and the unwavering consistency of atonality puts the narrator in the position of medium, rather than proprietor, of the storyhe is, therefore, infallible. This firm establishment of the reliable narrator is an intimation of the sacred importance these poems held for the people of Ancient Greece. Auerbach goes on to write of the lack of suspense in Homer; suspense as a device to lure the reader is unneces sary precisely because these poems were composed first and foremost as interpretation of the divine and not mere story- telling. Homers aesthetic drive was towards purity and accuracy rather than thrill and entertainment. To recognize and study Homers methodical style is to address the question of the primary function of literature. For all his reserve and slavery to form, there remains discernible throughout the works of Homer a distinct human autograph; the aforementioned atonality itself becomes a tone that we recognize as singularly Homeric. In largely absenting himself from his own narrative, Homer was providing his readers with a more direct link to his subject material. In his rigorous employment of method in writing about phenomena such as the gods and mortality, Homer was interpreting the incomprehensible, providing a bridge between humanity and the divine. In the sense that writers ever since have been striving to do the same thing, the Homeric epics are truly outst anding as a model of literary function and as a reminder of the first quality of art.

The war on terror Essay - 1291 Words

Ever since the beginning of the terrorist attacks on American soil, the War on Terror has been involved in the lives of Americans and nations near us. The War on Terror’s background originated through conflicts between warring countries in the Middle East; U.S. involvement started when a terrorist guided plane crashed into the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 in New York City. The attack was suspected to be the work of the middle-eastern terrorist group Al-Qaeda. The U.S. military, under the leadership of then commander-in-chief George W. Bush, declared a â€Å"War on Terror† on the terrorist group and the fighting began. Over ten plus years human rights and civil liberties have been violated as thousands of innocent of civilians have†¦show more content†¦According to the UN only 9,759 civilians have died in Afghanistan, but the Lansing medical journal reports that 654,965 civilian casualties occurred in Iraq from 2003 to 2006 so these reports should be taken with a grain of salt. On the pro-Saddam side of the war 76,778 Islamists fighters have died; these deaths were made of security forces, private contractors, Sons of Iraq, and most were made up of other supporters of the regime. According to the U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Armed Forces have suffered 4,487 deaths and 32,223 were wounded in action as of May 2012. As seen by these studies the people suffering are more so the families of the innocent civilians than those who fought in the conflicts, and a lot of them were not killed by soldiers. As shown by sites like WikiLeaks many civilian deaths are caused by mines or drones. These numbers show the amount of devastation caused by the War on terror and more than ten years later these numbers are still rising. Ultimately there are still over 50,000 troops in Afghanistan and there are still plans to remain there for a while. Another consequence of the war is that in a combination of regarding the safety of the homeland and getting an edge against possible threats, civil liberties have been violated and human rights have been abused. After the 9/11 attack on Twin Towers and the Pentagon the U.S. government has called for new forms of defense against possible attacksShow MoreRelatedWar on Terror1421 Words   |  6 PagesPOL SCI 180 PATRICK COATY WAR ON TERROR I, myself, before September 11, 2001 did not know what terrorism was. It is completely a new term for me, and I could never figure how terrible it is. But then, experiencing and witnessing the feeling of losing the one you loved who was a victim of that disaster, I recognized that the world is no longer as safe as before. Today, not only America but also Britain, Spain, Indonesia†¦became the target of terrorists. The terror tissue is the most challengedRead MoreThe War on Terror985 Words   |  4 Pagesinstance people can not get on a plane without going through an hour or two of security. But Thirteen years after the biggest terrorist attack the world had ever seen, the War on Terror remains a vital problem for the U.S Military. The War on terror has been a main focus for the U.S for many years now. The U.S. first got involved in the war on September 11th, 2001, when two planes crashed in to the World Trade Center in New York City, and one in to the Pentagon in Washington D.C., making it the worst thingRead MoreThe Cold War and the War on Terror987 Words   |  4 Pagesseems that during the Cold War and the War on Terror, many of the feelings that citizens felt were the same, but what America called the enemy was different. Following the September 11th attacks, there was a feeling of paranoia felt throughout America similar to the paranoia felt during the Cold War. Americans did not feel safe, and an attack could come at any time. The fight on the home front looked different during the Cold War and the War on Terrorism. During the Cold War there was more of a correlationRead MoreThe Vietnam War and the War on Terror1833 Words   |  7 Pageswell with the president and their co-legislators during such c ircumstances. This phenomenon was observed in the early stages of the War on Terror following the events of September 11, 2001 as well as during the Vietnam War. In this research paper several factors will be considered in comparing the powers of the presidency and Congressional powers during the two wars named, ranging from the presidents during each, to public opinion, as well as the change in each of these aspects over time. One mustRead MoreThe War On Terror Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans to enlist in his war on terror, very few citizens could have grasped the all-encompassing consequences of the proposition. The terrifying events of 9/11 were like a blinding flash, benumbing the country with a sudden knowledge of unimagined dangers. Strong action was recommended, skeptics were silenced and a shallow sense of unity emerged from the shared vulnerabilities. Nearly three years later, the enormity of Bushs summons to open-ended war is more obvious. It overwhelmedRead MoreWar on Terror or War on People657 Words   |  3 Pagesattacks brought fear and anger to all Americans. People of all races did not know how to react to such a horrific tragedy. After these attacks were carried, former President George W. Bush declared a â€Å"War on Terror†. While this was happening Muslims in the U.S were in the middle of this issue. The War on Terror was focused on Muslim Citizens in the U.S due to media outlets and many people criticizing all people that are Muslims are radicals. With all said The Patriot Act was passed which many criticizedRead MoreUnderstanding The War On Terror1522 Words   |  7 Pages Understanding the War on Terror Youngsuk Lee PSCI A180 Professor Patrick C. Coaty 14 May, 2015 â€Æ' Many victims have been harmed from the terrorism for a long time. It is impossible for victims who are effected by the terrorism to live safely. Cruel terrorist group even attack female and children. The incidence of terrorism is increasing in the world. It is big problem in the world because countries worry about their citizen from the terrorism. The United States and other countriesRead MoreWar On Terror And Terrorism1300 Words   |  6 PagesWar on Terror After the incident of September 11, 2001, War on Terror became a serious problem. That attack made huge effects on U.S government and many other countries. Many innocent people lost their lives because of those terrorists. No one knows if an incident like the one on September 11 will happen again, but we have to know that â€Å"we are the primary target†. According to Patrick Coaty’s â€Å"War on Terror,† the terrorism has been developed throughout history. So that people should know to fightRead MoreChomsky And The War On Terror1277 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical commentator, social justice activist, and anarcho-syndicalist advocate does an elaborate job in his speech given at Harvard University, to make us question if there really is a war on terror. Chomsky calls everybody a hypocrite and uses the U.S. Army Manual definition of terrorism to argue that there can’t be a war on terrorism because the U.S. is also a terrorist group itself. We can’t fight something if we ourselves do that same thing. Chomsky backs up his claim with many pieces of evidenceRead MoreIs The War On Terror Ethical?714 Words   |  3 PagesIs the War on Terror ethical? Since the establishments of governments, since human societies had kings and queens, since governments were ran under a religious doctrine, there has always been conflict among different groups of people. There will always be differences among people of different cultures, religions, race and ethnicity. There has always been a division of power between people and inequality in the world. There was a point in human history that slaves were bought and sold as property

Suicide Among Young Children Essay - 1553 Words

Suicide among young children is not something that should be over looked. It is the third leading cause of death in youth aged 10-14, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Along with so many other things in the world today, it can be prevented. In this paper, I will review what suicide is and suicide risk factors, explain how common suicidal behaviors are among young males and females age 10-14, and examine causes of suicide using statistical findings and data collection. Suicide is defined as the act or an instance of taking one s own life voluntarily and intentionally. There are many causes behind someone wanting to commit suicide. Risk factors that have been associated with suicidal acts among young children includes previous suicide attempts, presence of psychopathology in family members, including mood and personality disorders, violent behavior, and substance abuse, environmental factors such as poverty, poor family attachment, divorce, witnessing or experiencing violence in the home, the community or in school, moving constantly/instable home, maltreatment, physical and/or sexual abuse and losses of important people through death, separation, or termination of the relationship, are all risk factors associated with suicidal behavior (Tishler et al., 2007). Data shows that the rate of suicide increases every year. Since 1970, the rate of suicide has increased 200% (CDC). An increase that have been collected on a thirty-year period andShow MoreRelated Teenage Suicide Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are atRead MoreEssay about Bullied to death: Relationship between Bullying and Suicide1087 Words   |  5 Pageswords will never hurt me.† Growing up many children heard this idiomatic expression that implies that physical actions can hurt you such as being hit with a stick or rock, but words or name calling can’t hurt you and you should just ignore it. Bullying has emerged in the 21st century as an important public health issue and there have been incidents where teasing and bullying have turned dea dly (Burgess, A., Garbarino, C., Carlson, M. I., 2006). Children that experience any kind of bullying haveRead MoreRisk of Suicide Ideation from Antidepressant Usage in Adolescents1126 Words   |  5 Pageswarnings that a paradoxical risk of suicide ideation accompanied antidepressant usage in adolescents. Originally applicable to teenagers aged 13 to 17, the warnings were expanded to include young adults aged 18 to 24 in 2007 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2007). These warnings have eroded public confidence in antidepressants, causing fewer prescriptions to be issued (Gibbons, 2007). The FDA’s conclusion that newer antidepressants (SSRIs) cause suicide ideation in young people comes from a comprehensiveRead MoreChild, Adolescent And Suicide867 Words   |  4 Pages Child Adolescent and suicide Suicides attempt is a potentially self-injurious behavior with a non-fatal outcome, for which there is an evidence that the person intended at some level to kill himself/ herself (Kola 1). In simple words a person tries to kill himself/herself by poison, injury and many other ways. Then intent to commit suicide is called suicidal ideation. Now a days, many people committing suicide in which most of them is the youth generation. Why it happens?. When a personRead MoreHypothesis Teen Suicide875 Words   |  4 PagesOver a time span of one year, 2003 to 2004, suicide amongst children, especially teens has risen drastically. Contemplating suicide at any age is horrible. When a teenage, who has the ability to make informed decisions and has all the potential in the world, considers committing suicide, this is a tragedy. The tragedy suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15-24. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students. This paper attempts to list theoriesRead MoreMany Efforts Have Been Made To Understand Suicidal Behavior.However,1426 Words   |  6 PagesMany efforts have been made to understand suicidal behavior. However, the causes of suicidal behavior are not fully understood. Theories of suicide shed light on this complexity and allow an overarching framework to understand how protective and predictive factors relate to suicidal behaviors. In addition to the broad view that theories afford, researchers attempt to identify variables that are associated with an increased probability of suicidal behaviors which are known as risk factors. EvenRead MoreDepression and Suicide Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesDepression and Suicide Depression affects everyones life at sometime or another. Depression comes in a wide variety of forms, from mild unhappiness to a chemical imbalance in the mind. There are many different symptoms that reveal a persons problem with depression. If left untreated, depression may continue to develop into a serious illness or even death. Depression is a psychological illness, much like bulimia or anorexia. It affects the mind as much as it does the body. Depression isRead MoreEssay on A Speech on Bullying1047 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected by bullying, says recent research commissioned by the Federal Government. †¢ An estimated 200 million children and youth around the world are being bullied by their peers, according to the 2007 Kandersteg Declaration Against Bullying in Children and Youth. †¢ Kids who are bullied are three times more likely to show depressive symptoms, says the Centre for Adolescent Health. †¢ Children who were bullied were up to nine times more likely to have suicidal thoughts, say some studies. †¢ GirlsRead MoreBullying And Suicide : A Public Health Approach1025 Words   |  5 Pagesboth physical and mental health issues as well as academic issues. Numerous studies have found that there is a strong link between bullying and depression and/or suicidal behavior as well. (â€Å"Bullying and Suicide: A Public Health Approach†) Knowing the signs and available resources to help children that are victims of bullying could save your child’s life, or the life of another child that is in need. Warning Signs There are many signs that can be observed with those who are being bullied withinRead MoreBullying And School System Are No Secret Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages words or more subtle actions†. Unfortunately, the internet makes it easier for children to hide behind computers and say what they please to others, it has branched out into something called cyber bullying. According to the APA, cyber bullying includes sending hurtful or threatening e-mails or instant messages, spreading rumors or posting embarrassing photos of others, etc. Children who are bullied, and children who are doing the bullying both have different experiences. Bullying comes in all

Skeptical views on noahs ark Essay Example For Students

Skeptical views on noahs ark Essay Skeptical view of the flood mythAs skeptics have long been aware, there was no global flood in the last 5000 years, a boatload of animals did not ground on so-called Mount Ararat or on any mountain, and the worlds animals are not descended from two or seven pairs of each species that lived during the third millennium BC. Nor is there any archaeological proof that a man survived a flood by being on a boat loaded with animals, food, and drinking water. The Noahs Ark book summarized here does not claim historicity for Noah or the ark story, but the book does claim that some of the story elements in the Ancient Near East flood were based on an actual river flood. This archaeologically attested flood of the Euphrates River has been radiocarbon dated to about 2900 BC. This flood left a few feet of yellow mud in the Sumerian city Shuruppak, the ruins of which have been found at Tel Fara about 125 miles southeast of Baghdad. Some but not all Sumerian cities also show signs of this river floo d at the beginning of the Early Dynastic I period. According to the Sumerian King List, a legendary king named Ziusudra lived in Shuruppak at the time of the flood. There was also a flood myth about king Ziusudra which includes several story elements very similar to the Genesis flood myth. Shuruppak was also the flood heros city according to the Epic of Gilgamesh. The flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh was adapted from an earlier myth, the Epic of Atrahasis which is also very similar to the Genesis flood myth. Six of these Ancient Near East flood myths contain numerous distinctive story elements that are very similar to the Genesis flood myth and indicate a literary affinity or dependency on a common body of myths about the flood hero Ziusudra and based on the Euphrates River flood of 2900 BC. Parts of the original myths were physically possible, but other parts were not possible. The possible parts can be treated as an ancient legend to which mythical material was added later. How ever, without contemporary artifacts, it is not possible to prove how much of the original legend was true and how much was fiction based on a real flood. In the Noahs Ark book, the original legend is reconstructed by piecing together fragments from the various surviving editions of the flood myth, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. This reconstruction is governed by the requirement that each story element in the legend be physically possible, technologically practical, consistent with archaeological facts, and plausible for 2900 BC. Some of the impossible story elements were mistranslations or misunderstandings, and these are corrected before including them in the reconstructed legend. The reconstructed legend is this: Ziusudra reigned for ten years as king of Shuruppak, a Sumerian city then on the Euphrates River. Ziusudras reign was at the end of the Jemdet Nasr period that ended with the flood of 2900 BC. Then as now, river barges were used for transporting cargo on the Euphrates R iver. This cargo included livestock, beer, wine, textiles, lumber, stone, metals, dried fish, vegetable oil, and other cargo. In June about 2900 BC during the annual inundation of the Euphrates River, the river was at crest stage. A six-day thunderstorm caused the river to rise about 15 cubits (22 feet) higher and to overflow the levees. By the time the river began to rise, it was already too late to evacuate to the foothills of the mountains 110 miles away. Ziusudra boarded one the the barges that was already loaded with cargo being transported to market. The runaway barge floated down the Euphrates River into the Persian Gulf and grounded in an estuary at the mouth of the river. After moving to dry land, Ziusudra offered a sacrifice to a Sumerian god on an alter at the top of a temple ziggurat, an artificial hill. Later, story tellers mistranslated the ambiguous word for hill as mountain. The story tellers then erroneously assumed that the nearby barge must have grounded on top of a mountain. Additional details in the reconstructed legend about Ziusudra (Noah) can be found in the Noahs Ark book. home pageTour of subjectsFor Old Testament scholarsThe Noahs Ark book reviewed here does not claim historicity for Noah or the ark story, but the book does claim that some of the story elements in the Ancient Near East flood were based on an actual river flood. This archaeologically attested flood of the Euphrates River has been radiocarbon dated to about 2900 BC. This flood left a few feet of yellow mud in the Sumerian city Shuruppak about 125 miles southeast of Baghdad. Some but not all Sumerian cities also show signs of this river flood at the beginning of the Early Dynastic I period. According to the Sumerian King List, a legendary king named Ziusudra lived in Shuruppak at the time of the flood. Zuisudra was the Sumerian Noah. There was also a flood myth about king Ziusudra which includes several story elements very similar to the Genesis flood myth. Noah was a Sumerian king of Shuruppak and son of Lamech (SU.KUR.LAM in Sumerian) who preceded Noah as king of Shuruppak. Shuruppak was the flood heros city according to the Epic of Gilgamesh. The flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh was adapted from an earlier myth, the Epic of Atrahasis which is also very similar to the Genesis flood myth. Six of these Ancient Near East flood myths contain numerous distinctive story elements that are very similar to the Genesis flood myth and indicate a literary affinity or dependency on a common body of legends about the flood hero Ziusudra (Noah) and based on the Euphrates River flood of 2900 BC. Parts of the original myths were physically possible, but other parts were not possible. The possible parts can be treated as an ancient legend to which mythical material was added later. In the Noahs Ark book, the original legend is reconstructed by piecing together fragments from the various surviving editions of the flood story, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. This reconstruction is governed by the requirement that each story element in the legend be physically possible, technolog ically practical, consistent with archaeological facts, and plausible for 2900 BC. Some of the impossible story elements were mistranslations or misunderstandings, and these are corrected before including them in the reconstructed legend. These are some examples of mistakes: The ambiguous word for hill or country was mistranslated as mountain. The words that identified the flood as a river flood were changed to indicate an ocean deluge. The archaic number signs in which the Genesis 5 numbers and Noahs age were recorded, were mistranslated which made them about ten times their original value. The flood of Genesis 6-7 was confused with the waters of Genesis 8. A journey on foot to Mount Judi in the Mountains of Ararat was confused with a journey on the water of the Persian Gulf. The numbers in the Sumerian King List were also mistraslated by an ancient scribe. The reconstructed legend is this: Ziusudra reigned for ten years as king of Shuruppak, a Sumerian city then on the Euphrates River. Ziusudras reign was at the end of the Jemdet Nasr period that ended with the flood of 2900 BC. Then as now, river barges were used for transporting cargo on the Euphrates River. This cargo included livestock, beer, wine, textiles, lumber, stone, metals, dried fish, vegetable oil, and other cargo. In June about 2900 BC during the annual inundation of the Euphrates River, the river was at crest stage. A six-day thunderstorm caused the river to rise about 15 cubits (22 feet) higher and overflow the levees. By the time the river began to rise, it was already too late to evacuate to the foothills of the mountains 110 miles away. Ziusudra boarded one the the barges that was already loaded with cargo being transported to market. The runaway barge floated down the Euphrates River into the Persian Gulf and grounded in an estuary at the mouth of the river. After m oving to dry land, Ziusudra offered a sacrifice to a Sumerian god on an alter at the top of a temple ziggurat, an artificial hill. Later, story tellers mistranslated the ambiguous word for hill as mountain. The story tellers then erroneously assumed that the nearby barge must have grounded on top of a mountain. Additional details in the reconstructed legend about Ziusudra (Noah) can be found in the Noahs Ark book. Answers to Creationists argumentsNoahs flood is the keystone in the belief system of the young-earth creationists who believe the flood was global and created massive geological changes in the earths crust. But there was no global flood. Creationist arguments are printed here in boldface:According to Genesis 7:19-20 all the high mountains under the whole sky were covered with flood water. The waters prevailed above the mountains, covering them 15 cubits deep. The reference to 15 cubits (22 feet) refers to the draft of the ark. Mountains is a mistranslation of the Hebrew word harm meaning hills in this context. The King James Version of Genesis 7:19 translates hills correctly. There is no mention of draft or deep or depth in the Hebrew text of Genesis 7:20. A literal translation from Hebrew is Five ten cubits upward rose the waters and they covered the hills. Note that hills is not in the same clause as cubits or rose. The 15 cubits was how much the water rose, not how deep the water was. The depths would be different at different places. The tops of the hills in the clause and they covered the hills were less than 15 cubits above the normal water level during the annual inundation and were therefore covered when the water rose 15 cubits higher. Under the whole sky means within Noahs visible horizon. All of the hills within Noahs visible horizon were covered by the water when the river rose 15 cubits. If the flood water had been more than ten thousand cubits deep, the authors of Genesis would have said so. Fifteen cubits is consistent with a local flood. The flood continued for more than one year. This cannot be reconciled with a local-flood theory. If nothing could be seen but the tops of mountains after the waters had subsided for 74 days, we must conclude that the flood covered the whole earth. All commentators have assumed that the flood mentioned in Genesis 7:6-17 was the same as the deep waters that lasted more than a year. But nowhere in Genesis 8 is the word flood mentioned. Noahs encounters with deep water were in two phases: a river flood phase that lasted less than a week and a deep water phase that lasted a year. The river flood floated Noahs barge down into the Persian Gulf and the barge floated about the deep water of the Gulf for a year. The deep water that Noah experienced for a year was not a flood; it was the deep water of the Persian Gulf. The tops of hills above the water surface are commonly called islands. If only islands could be seen after the water became more shallow for 74 days, it means only that Noahs barge was still several miles or more from the shore and dry land beyond the horizon. Deep water in the Persian Gulf for more than a year is consistent with a local river flood. According to Genesis 7:11, all the fountains of the great deep were broken up. The great deep refers to oceanic depths and underground reservoirs. Presumably, the ocean basins were fractured and uplifted sufficiently to pour water over the continents. This continued for five months. Such vast and prolonged geologic upheavals in the oceanic depths cannot be reconciled with a local flood theory. Instead this upheaval was global. The Hebrew word baqa translated as broken up in the King James version is translated burst forth in the Revised Standard Version and New International Version. The Hebrew word mayan for fountain can also mean a well or spring which share a common meaning: a source of water. References to sources of sea water breaking or bursting may have meant only that water from the Persian Gulf was bursting onto the shore during a storm. This frequently happens along a seashore during a storm. Noah and the others could not report on oceanic depths because they would have no way of knowing what was happening at oceanic depths. Bursting of Gulf water onto the shore during a thunderstorm was a local condition. The Ark was unusually large. For Noah to have built a vessel of such huge magnitude simply for the purpose of escaping a local flood is inconceivable. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the Uni EssayCould Noah have been so ignorant of the topography of southwestern Asia, where the highest mountains of the world are located, as to actually think that the Flood covered all the high mountains everywhere under the heavens (Genesis 7:19), when it really covered only a few foothills?Noah may have known about the Zagros Mountains 110 miles east of Shuruppak. But since he could not see beyond the horizon, he would have no knowledge of whether the Zagros Mountains were flooded or not. He reported only what he could see and he could see only sky and water, because he was several miles from shore. From Noahs point of view, the whole world was flooded and all the high hills (less than 15 cubits high) were covered. Note that the word hills is used in the King James Version of Genesis 7:19. Mountains is a mistranslation in other versions of Genesis 7:19. A flood in Armenia 17,000 feet deep while Egypt or India were not flooded would be a more incredible miracle than anything implied by the traditional understanding of a universal flood. The flood water rose 15 cubits (Genesis 7:20) and had no connection with a 17,000 foot mountain. Mountains is a mistranslation. The flood covered hills not mountains. Additional creationist arguments are answered in chapter 13 of the Noahs Ark bookFrequently Asked QuestionsQuestions are in bold face. Answers are in regular type. Was Noahs flood story fiction or fact?Much of the flood story was fiction, but there was a real river flood on which the original flood legend was based. Ziusudra, the Sumerian Noah was listed in the Sumerian King List and therefore may have been a real person, but there is no hard evidence that Noah/Ziusudra existed. Was there a global flood?No. The flood of Noah was a Euphrates River flood in southern Sumer similar to the flood of 1985 in southern Iraq. The earth in Genesis 7:17-18 refers to the ground/land in the flooded region, not the entire planet. Did the ark ground on Mount Ararat?No. Mount Ararat was not involved in the original flood legend. The ark grounded in an estuary at the mouth of the Euphrates River. The mountains of Ararat got involved in the story because Noahs son Shem traveled on foot to the mountains of Ararat after the barge grounded. Story tellers confused the mountain that Noahs son visited with the hill on which Noah offered a sacrifice. The ark never came close to a mountain. But doesnt the Epic of Gilgamesh have the ark grounding on Mount Nisir?No. The word KUR usually translated Mount can mean mound or country. The river barge grounded on a mound of mud or sand in an estuary at the mouth of the river. When did the flood occur?The Euphrates River flooded about 2900 BC at the end of the Jemdet Nasr period and the beginning of the Early Dynastic period. This river flood left a few feet of yellow mud in Shuruppak and a few other Sumerian cities. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period was found immediately below this flood lawyer. Hence Noah/Ziusudra reigned during the end of the Jemdet Nasr period. The flood layer has been radiocarbon dated to 2900 BC. How did Noah build such a large boat without help?He had lots of help. Noah was a king and kings delegate responsibility to managers who hire workmen to do the job. Noah did not build the ark with his own hands. How could a wooden ark 450 feet long withstand the stresses from a storm and not break up?The ark was not a mono-hull galleon, it was an array of small flat-bottom pontoons roped together. Large modern river barges are also assembled from dozens of small barges chained together. What was gopher wood?Gopher wood was a transliteration of gish gipar (meadow wood) or kupar (cypress wood). How could all species of animals fit in the ark?They didnt. All of the kinds of animals that Noah had in his stockyard were put in the ark, but these were domesticated ranch animals and there were less than 280 of them. How could the animals know when to come to the ark and where to find it?The owners of the animals had their herdsmen take the animals to the ark to be transported as cargo. Noah had his herdsmen load into the barge all of the livestock in his stockyards. How did Noah prevent all the other people in his city from boarding the ark?He didnt have to. The other people climbed high hills far from the river.These hills are not mentioned in Genesis 7:19-20 because they were too far from the river for Noah to see. Did everybody drown in the flood except Noah and his family? Are all the people of of the world descended from Noah?No. Everybody did not drown. Hundreds, possibly thousands of Sumerians drowned in the flooded area, but there were many thousands of survivors of Noahs river flood, even in his own city, and especially in distant lands not affected by the flood. Did people live to be more than 900 years before the flood?No. That was an ancient mistranslation of archaic numbers. Noah lived to be 83. How could Noah know years in advance that a flood was coming to provide enough time to build the ark?The ark was not built as a lifeboat. It was built long before the flood as a commercial river barge for transporting cattle, grain, and other cargo. Noah learned that the flood was coming only when he saw heavy rain falling. This was a few hours before the river overflowed the levees. Noah did not know the flood was coming when he commissioned building the river barge. How do you explain the conflict between the 1-year flood in Genesis 8:13 and the 6-day flood in Gilgamesh XI,129-131?There is no conflict. The river flood lasted 6 days. During the rest of the year the ark was drifting about the Persian Gulf. Genesis 8 refers to the waters and does not use the word flood or ocean or sea. Legends about Noahs flood can be found all over the world, such as the Hawaiian legend about the god Kane sending a flood and only Nuu escaped in a large boat that grounded on a mountain. Doesnt this prove that Noahs flood was global?No. Wherever there are rivers there are floods and local storytellers tell stories about these local floods. Later when Europeans taught the Genesis stories to the Hawaiians, local storytellers incorporated the name Nuu and the mountain into the older Hawaiian river flood story. How did the kangaroos get from Mount Ararat to Australia?There were no kangaroos in Noahs barge. Kangaroos are not mentioned in Genesis nor in Deuteronomy 14:4-18 where the kinds of clean and unclean animals are listed. But Genesis 6:19 says every living thing.Noah loaded into the barge every living animal that he had. He did not load any animals he did not have. The 15 cubits in Genesis 7:20 must refer to the draft of the ark when it grounded on Mount Ararat and cannot refer to how much the water rose. Otherwise how could only 15 cubits of water cover mountains?Mountains were not involved. Sumer was very flat. All the hills that Noah could see were less than 15 cubits high and therefore were submerged when the water rose 15 cubits. If the flood was a local flood, why would Noah bother with a boat? Why not just move the animals and family overland to the foothills of the Zagros mountains?Your hidden assumption is that Noah knew long in advance that the flood was coming. Actually he knew the flood was coming only when heavy rain began to fall. By then it was too late to travel to the mountains that were more than a hundred miles away. How did Noah know the flood was coming?During the annual inundation, the Euphrates River was at crest stage just below the top of the levees. When Noah saw heavy rain falling in the distance, he knew the river would be rising in a few hours. He did not have to be a metorologist to understand that the river would soon overflow the levees. Why did Noah offer a sacrifice after the ark grounded?It was the duty of ship captains to offer sacrifices to the gods at a local temple when their boats arrived safely. More questions are answered in chapter 12 of the Noahs Ark book. Noah was king of ShuruppakAccording to the Genesis version of the flood story, Noah was closely associated with animals. But he was not a mere shepherd or cattle rancher. In the Epic of Ziusudra, the Sumerian Noah is repeatedly called a king or chief (lugal). According to the Weld-Blundell king list WB-62, Ziusudra (Noah) was king of the city-state Shuruppak. Lugal literally means great man and was normally a young man of outstanding qualities from a rich landowning family. The flood hero was a respected leader who spoke to the city people and the elders of Shuruppak according to Gilgamesh XI,35 and Atrahasis III,i,39-41. In the WB-62 king list, Ziusudra (Noah) succeeded his father as king of Shuruppak. The flood of 2900 B.C. deposited sediment in Shuruppak directly above artifacts from the Jemdet Nasr period. Hence, the flood hero was probably chief executive of Shuruppak during the end of the Jemdet Nasr period and the flood story began to circulate during the Early Dynastic I peri od that followed the flood. Shuruppak was then a capital city and a commercial center located on the Euphrates River. As head of the Shuruppak city-state government, Noah was probably a wealthy land owner. Wealthy people then invested in cattle and other domesticated animals and so apparently did Noah. A clue to what he did with these animals is found in Gilgamesh XI, 81-82: All I had of silver I loaded, all I had of gold I loaded into the boat. Gold and silver were not a common medium of exchange prior to minting of standard-weight coins in the seventh century BC. In earlier times, gold and silver were used largely by professional merchants and those involved in caravan trade. Possessing gold and silver, Noah was probably a merchant or government trade official before becoming chief executive of Shuruppak. Perhaps he owned a private merchanting business or managed foreign trade for his father, king of Shuruppak. Early in his career, Noah probably controlled large numbers of workers who transported livestock and other commodities in overland caravans and on small river barges to nearby cities. His workers may also have grown grain, hay and other crops near Shuruppak to feed the animals and to have surplus fodder and food to sell. Noah also had a vineyard (Genesis 9:20) which suggests he had a winery business. As a wealthy leader of the city-state Shuruppak, Noah would have access to the labor and materials needed to build a large commercial barge. Although popular versions of the story have Noah being ridiculed by the townspeople, actually the elders of Shuruppak probably encouraged and supported building of the barge under control of their own leader Noah, because they may have envisioned that the barge would substantially increase their own personal wealth and the wealth of Shuruppak. Noah promoted this vision and told the elders that the gods would shower plenty on you, an abundance of birds, a profusion of fish when the new barge became operational. For several weeks each year, Noahs barge probably hauled cargo to cities on the Euphrates River including the port city Ur then near the mouth of the river. Although surviving versions of the flood story suggest that the flood hero rode on the barge only once, and that the barge made only one voyage, it is not likely that the storm and flood happened at exactly the right moment to interrupt the barges maiden voyage. It is more likely that the barge was used many times to transport cargo, but without Noah on board. Kings have better things to do with their time than to ride on cattle barges. Only the final voyage was mentioned in the story, because that may have been one of the few times or the only time that Noah rode on the barge.